Explanation:

Option D
August Karl Gustav Bier1 performed the first paediatric spinal anaesthesia in 1898 and published in 1899. Among the first six patients, there were two children. One was a 14-year-old who underwent knee surgery, probably experienced post dural puncture headache and the other a 11 year who underwent debridement of the ischial bone, lost sensation up to the neck. Crawford Williamson Long2 is credited with the first documented use of inhaled ether for surgical anesthesia during a toe amputation for a boy on March 30, 1842, predating the 1846 public demonstration. Meredith Fairfax Campbell3 published her experiences in 1933 with paediatric caudal anaesthesia in 83 children undergoing urological procedures with special care to avoid intravascular injections. Robert Moors Smith4 introduced the precordial stethoscope to listen to the breath sounds & heart beat, routine temperature monitoring, advocated for tracheal intubation with the use of muscle relaxants and established a separate pediatric anesthesia-training program. Gordon Jackson Rees5 made a modification to the Ayre’s T-piece to allow spontaneous respirations yet avoid rebreathing. He introduced the concept of heavy premedication in children to reduce perioperative anxiety during inhalation induction of anaesthesia. He advocated for intravenous anaesthesia technique and tracheal intubation with the use of muscle relaxants.
1) Bier, A. Versuche über Cocainisirung des Rückenmarkes. Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Chirurgie 51, 361–369 (1899). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02792160 2) Long C.W. Southern Med Surg J., 1849 http://hdl.handle.net/10675.2/907 3) Meredith F. Campbell, Caudal Anesthesia in Childre, The Journal of Urology, Volume 30, Issue 2, 1933, Pages 245-250, ISSN 0022-5347, https://doi.org/10.1016/S00225347(17)72472-X. 4) HOLZMAN, R.S. (2010), An appreciation of Robert Moors Smith MD, an icon of pediatric anesthesiology. Pediatric Anesthesia, 20: 767-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14609592.2010.03344.x 5) Mai, C.L. and Coté, C.J. (2012), A history of pediatric anesthesia: a tale of pioneers and equipment. Pediatric Anesthesia, 22: 511-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14609592.2012.03828.x